A Educational Excellence And Standards For More Than 30...

Rochester Institute of Technology has been known for its educational excellence and standards for more than 30 years. RIT vision is to create a worldwide portfolio and educational models that could fulfill difficult global needs. One of the university values is to build personal trust and relationship among different cultures delivering continuous advance and support to the global economy. This university possesses different campus around the world such as China, Croatia, and Dubai that integrate so many students from all over the world, creating an environment full of cultural variety. RIT has helped to the economy from those countries and other such as the Dominican Republic, preparing professional to make a successful career in a global society. RIT has been focused on expanding its campuses in countries where they know could have a great impact in today’s global economy development. Latin American countries like Chile and Asian Countries such as Thailand could be a great location for RIT to expand its campus giving new opportunities for so many students that would love to have a great education. There are economic factors that have a major influence in creating a new campus for RIT in a country like Chile or Thailand. These countries are emerging economies that every day is growing and developing new economic projections for the benefit of the country and the world. These economic factors such as human development index (IDH), interest rates, currency exchange,Show MoreRelatedCarl E. Jr. Katz And Frank M. J. Lafasto827 Words   |  4 Pagesprocesses. Many organizations have adopted the team leadership approach in order to meet the constantly changes and complex demands of their clientele. Now more than ever, the acronym T.E.A.M (Together Everyone Achieves More) has relevance as there has been a shift from a hierarchy to a heterarchy approach, where there is a lateral decision-making rather than vertical decision-making. To lead a team, one must have a process in place to facilitate orderly and effective decision-making. Origin of Theory CarlRead MorePersonal Statement : My Career Goals Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesRepresenting the interests of more than 500,000 nurses who care for acutely and critically ill patients, AACN is dedicated to creating a healthcare system driven by the needs of patients and their families, where acute and critical care nurses make their optimal contribution (American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2016). Three Rivers Chapter is the local Pittsburgh chapter for the AACN. It was started in 1982. It was founded to uphold the goals of AACN and fulfill the educational needs of the criticalRead MoreThe Charter School Lottery Winners And Lottery Losers1727 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The reading will focus on the overall educational program success of 36 charter middle schools across 15 states. There will be at least three international standards incorporated with the reading to shed light on the effectiveness and non-effectiveness of the charters school education programs. The charter school lottery winners and lottery losers will be statically measured. The standards that will be focused on are International Standard Organization (ISO) 9001:2008, Six Sigma, and LEANRead MoreChildren Are The Future Of The World1238 Words   |  5 Pages and they struggle with things than most people actually don’t notice, but who does a person refer to when they suspect something is troubling a child? 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That is, district leadership matters. â€Å"There is no such thing as a dysfunctional system, because every system is perfectly aligned to achieve the results it produces.† (Heifetz et.al., 2009) Educational Leadership As a leader it is important to recognize that my organizations outcomes are perfectly aligned with the system that is in place. To this end the leaders of the organization must understand his/her philosophy as a leader. It has beenRead MoreThe Education Of Higher Education1605 Words   |  7 Pagestoday Higher Education is facing more challenges and critiques than at any other point in history. Indeed, when encountering the unavoidable struggle between pleasing students and following government regulations, colleges start to rouse from their academic wish-fulfillment fantasies and realize that the idea of Higher Education does not swab away the realism of this materialistic world: higher education cannot simply satisfy everyone. Three distinctive educational models, public universities, non-profitRead MoreSchool Field Report- Mission and Analysis of St. Bridgets Catholic School1883 Words   |  8 Pagesacademic program in a Christian atmosphere. Our programs foster academic excel lence, self-esteem, discipline, character, leadership, and personal responsibility. St. Bridget provides a faith-based environment for its students, which fosters interaction within our communities and provides a life-long practice of Christian values and service. Teachers employ a variety of instructional methodologies, best practices, and educational strategies to help students solve problems, using comprehension, applicationRead MorePersuasive Speech : School Officials Should Focus And Advocate For Visual And Music Art Based Programs1516 Words   |  7 Pagesschool districts. My central idea is that fine arts programs fosters academic excellences for all students and school districts should focus on and advocate for visual and music art based programs, making them a continued part of the school curricula, because with out art programs our schools run a risk of not having a progressive society. Go to: Audience: The intended audience for this presentation are an educational advisory boards with regards to advocating for art education in school curriculum

Amazon-Case Study-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Use Classical Political Economy Theory to explain Amazon's Corporate reporting decisions. Make sure you explain what Institutional Theory is, and support your observations with evidence from the case study. 2.Use the Managerial branch of Stakeholder Theory to explain Amazon's corporate reporting decisions. Make sure you explain what PAT is, and support your observations with evidence from the case study. 3.To what extent to current share prices anticipate future earnings announcements? 4.Explain how the Brunswik Lens Model might be used to explain an investor's decision about whether to buy or sell shares after Amazon's announcement. 5.Some academics have criticised the accounting profession for acting to legitimise the capitalist system (supposedly by supporting the haves against the have nots. Indicate whether the case study supports the critical view of accounting, or whether it doesnt. Answers: Introduction Hilton Hotels is one of the premium luxury hotels located in Shanghai. The hotel is based in the heart of Shanghais business and entertainment district. The hotels locational advantage is worth mentioning as it is present near the Pudong International Airport and the Hongqiao Airport and is located at the business center of Shanghai which is one of the busiest and most important financial hubs of Shanghai. The hotel offers an exotic view of Shanghai and also provides different facilities and services that are hard to match the services offered by the other hotels. The customers in the hotel can visit tourist attractions that are located nearby the hotel like The Bund, Grand Theater, Shanghai Museum, Jingian temple and Yu Garden and Bazaar which are present at close proximity. However the most prominent advantage of the hotel is its close location from Shanghai Disneyland which is just less than a hours drive. The hotel comprises of a number of premium rooms with luxury suites to attr act all range of customers. Some of the premium services of the hotel include free Wi-Fi services, e-mailing, socializing and browsing the web. Apart from this the hotel also provides quality laundry and housekeeping services that prove to be of great help for the customers. The hotel also provides various other services to attract customers. These premium services include indoor heated pool, an open fitness center and a world class spa. The hotel also caters to a variety of different dishes for the visitors. There are seven restaurants and bars and it possess the distinction of having one of the largest restaurants of the Hilton Hotels group. The open kitchen is unique and one of its kind in the country and displays the vivid nature of the Chinese cuisine and helps the tourists to gather a whole lot of information about Chinese food. The main aim of the following research is to determine the E-Marketing techniques that are implemented by the management of the mentioned hotel to gai n business reputation and increase the brand value of the hotel. The customers are offered a varied range of seafood that are an additional treat for the customers. E-Marketing E- Marketing is also termed as Internet Marketing, online marketing as well as referred to as digital marketing in some cases. E marketing has seen a huge rise in the recent years. E marketing is beneficial for the hotels in many different ways namely; Segmentation- Segmentation can help to manage the daily business of the hotel in an effective way. The management of Hilton hotels has been efficient to segment out the interest groups to make sure that there is provision for; Food and wine Monthly Newsletter Romance Outdoors Pets and many more as such. Integrating the e-mail- Integrating the e mail of the organization helps in a number of ways; Encourages the trend for online marketing Assist in tracking the metrics easily E mail helps the organization to understand the feedback of the customers The E marketing also drives the actions and profits of the organizations Email is also the cheapest form of marketin Starting a Campaign Hilton hotel is very much successful in its e marketing initiative because of the marketing campaign that has been started by them. Them management at the beginning searches for a particular group of people who are then segmented into different groups. Some such examples are; People who have been loyal to the hotel for at least three year Customers who did not afford the services of the hotel at any time and People who have resided in the hotel for a single time Marketing initiatives Customer Relationship Management and E-marketing: The viewpoint of the close customer familiarity might lower or reduce the marketing expenditures and augment sales through closer affiliations and increased satisfaction. For this to take place, the overall Hilton hotel chain need to cooperate in the compilation, management and propagation of the information of customer- an exclusive and complex development (Ma, Gu, Wang, Hampson, 2017). They generally highlight the dilemma of data-ownership caused by the configuration of the lodging industry existing in Australia where the owners, the management organizations and brands cooperate in the properties operation. It is intrinsically difficult for these three units in sharing the data of customer. In addition to the factor of cooperating, they recurrently contend with each other that could restrict the successful implementation of CRM. These difficulties could be surmounted; CRM would best be working at the brand level. It is important to understand the ways a successful CRM depends on t he mining of the data. This process leads to difficult statistical techniques to the data of consumers in performing of tasks and might be important in better understanding and predicting behavior of guests. Value chain and E-marketing: Every movement within the process of physical value chain has an intrinsic information constituent. The quantity of information existing within the activities generally establishes, hotel like Hiltons course towards e-commerce. It has been highly observed that hotels with higher presence of information like Hilton would be implementing e-commerce at a faster rate than other organizations or hotels having minor information incidence. A hotel like Hilton has high information incidence, offering greater deal of service information through their website. Consumers also have suppleness in determining the product or service design using the website. Activities that comprises of the value chain activities are generally assumed by the company in producing and selling of the services and products. Certain activities performed within the value chain are about understanding of the needs of the consumers, procuring production materials, and after sales services like customer acre and products. Supply Chain Management and E-marketing: A mutual communication and a solid transportation are the keys in successful supply chain management. Managing of the relationships along with information making use of the electronic marketing helps each of the partners in supply chain in maintaining a competitive advantage for Hilton at marketplace. The bigger the role played by e-marketing in facilitating the communication process between the partners within supply chain, the bigger would be the advantages. For this motive, both the system of rapid communication along with shared database facet of electronic marketing plays significant role in the hotels efficient supply chain management (Gannon, Roper, Doherty, 2015). This combination facilitates partners of supply chain, inclusive of customer service representatives, restaurant managers and operations manager to get hold of information and communicate with each other 24 hours per day. Product/Service Development and E-marketing: There are certain benefits associated to internet marketing that can be used in businesses for various reasons (Ma, Gu, Wang, Hampson, 2017). E-marketing can be made use of in relation to the service development. For example, e-marketing provides a hotel with various sources that they can make use of in its development of service. This would ease things out as they are already being supplied with sources that are necessary, saving time for big hotels like Hilton. E-marketing enables big hotel groups in doing their own research work about anything going about in the industry and being able to find lot of customers and that sort of services are generally liked by the customers. Analysis of marketing initiatives with variation from one CSF to other: Guest Satisfaction and e-CRM: As the contemporary hospitality industry expands in including more vacation rentals, hotels are fundamentally keeping up with the present trends. Hilton has been revamping its services in setting themselves apart from certain other sorts of accommodation, becoming savvier towards technology and of personalized nature. Customers have started valuing experiences connecting them to the local culture wherever Hilton is existing and associating them to the regional responsiveness. The Hilton Orlando supports farm-to-fork attitude at its premiere restaurant, making use of the components within the radius of 100-mile and stressing on regional flavors. Hilton is making use of innovative technologies in gaining loyalty of customers and creating satisfaction for guests and boosting its total revenue. Guests who are digitally enabled are more interested in virtual tours and digital check-ins. Using data from the histories of customers, Hilton has been improving personalized experiences for guests around temperature, lighting and refreshments. Comprehensive apps of mobiles are facilitating guests in streamlining cumbersome procedures and minimizing the time for check-in. Human Resource factors and e-CRM: Employees are stated to be important assets along with primary supports of profitable business for Hilton. The system of CRM is only being used in managing the clients along with customers, with most HR managers using technologies of CRM for handling of the companys human capital. A technique of profile management is being used in managing profiles of the employees containing overall employees related information that is being exposed to the employees in HRIS tool. The human resource managers of Hilton have the zeal in furnishing response and offer letters online to fresh candidates (Bilgihan Bujisic, 2015). Online alters are being produced whenever the employees have something outstanding. For example, Hilton employees are used to getting alerts mechanically while completing any survey or renewal of any software. The HRM managers also go for online schedules of the meetings and notifications being send routinely to all the staffs and employees informing them for being present in th e meeting. Managerial competency and e-CRM: Managerial discretion is one of the most critical success factors to the success of the CRM in hotels. However in contrast to the popular beliefs of the CRM policies the managers as well as the officers of the hotel are least involved in the decision making process. Environments play a crucial role to the part of managers (Fadda Srensen, 2017). There are different scopes for the managers of the hotels in some of the areas to experiment with e-CRM whereas in other areas such options are not available to the managers. In the case of Hilton the managers gets the opportunity to experiment with such tools as because the management is always in search of innovative measures to make sure that the hotel turns out to be the very best in terms of performance. Apart from such discretions the managers makes significant contributions to the organizational growth of the hotels. With the help of e-CRMs they tend to establish a proper relationship with the customers and provide high quality service to them. Each and every manager of different hotels have their own personal decisions that determines the different investment programs undertaken by the management of the hotel. The managers of Hilton ensure that they do not take unnecessary risks which may have an impact on the performance levels of the hotel. The organizational discretionary powers of the managers help large hotels like Hilton to make sure that they effectively follow the organizational strategies to bring success to the organization. Technological aspects The growing presence of the internet has made it one of the essential media of marketing communication. For gaining competitive advantage, Hilton has acted according to the recent trend of promoting its services through websites and mobile applications. It provides information to the internal and external publics at one click from any place of the world (Fraj, Matute, Melero, 2015). Legal aspects The hoteliers of Hilton need to adopt and implement creative marketing tools. With an increasing growth in the e- marketing strategies and the distribution channels, there is not much known about the effectiveness. It is important to build good rapport with the guests and expand the brands online presence. Ethical aspects To throw light on the ethical aspects of hotel industries it should be taken into consideration that if the necessary standards are not maintained that there is a chance that the hotel might lose its customers. The information provided through e- marketing should be authentic and not misguide the customers (Fadda Srensen, 2017). Global aspects The global aspects are a combination of all the other factors. Hotel Hilton is an internationally acclaimed hotel which needs to look into the overall services of the customers. They have an updated system of e-marketing services which cater to the needs of the customers 24*7. Social networking aspects Social network had a large impact on the hospitality sector with the enhancement of online reviews. Hilton customers can go online to research for their suitable accommodations and the primary attractions nearby. They can also contact with the hot(Fadda Srensen, 2017)el for necessary query and thus the promotion can also be done online. Impact of internet on consumer behavior Internet has played a pivotal role in e- marketing. The easy accessibility at a cheap rate of transactions has increased the bargaining power of the customers with a strong global competition. The introduction of internet in the marketing level has helped in bringing new prospects for the company. E- Marketing is also a cost and time saving tool for the marketers in the corporate marketing strategy. In the case of Hilton, the internet marketing deals with the promotional mix of the hotel and its online services. The basic benefit of the e- marketing is the number of options available to the customers for a specific product category(Ma, Gu, Wang, Hampson, 2017). The Hilton group totally makes use of these e- marketing strategies. The low searching cost associated with the online activities provides a scope of several alternatives to the customers which would not have been possible otherwise. E- marketing is grabbing the attention of the marketers to extend the information services and considering more significant strategies for the hotel to promote and interact with the customers through online advertising. With the e- marketing strategies the hotel authorities enable direct communication with the customers; offer a number of alternatives to the customers and stakeholders; store safely a large amount of information at a very low cost; provide intense and cheap ways to search, arrange and disseminate information; serve as an effective digital medium (Ma, Gu, Wang, Hampson, 2017). Online distribution Hilton hotels have introduced a new electronic and online distribution strategy which has integrated the elements such as price, enhancing brand websites and the chosen stakeholders online programs. Due to this strategy the brand standards of the hotel will call for the offering of constant rates at all the distribution channels, such as the proprietary websites of Hilton, their worldwide call centers, global distribution system directly through the hotel (Gannon, Roper, Doherty, 2015). The upgrades in the hotel websites included advanced hotel searches with respect to the city, airport, address or the prime attraction from a single webpage. The easy design features and the superior content with the profile and account accessibility of the hotel are among the improved version of the online distribution of the hotel. Moreover, the agreement between Hilton and Expedia Inc has reflected a direct combination with the central reservation system and the database of Expedia. The new design has been useful for the participating hotels to arrange their price and accommodations on Expedias website in a vibrant manner. The customers while booking also receive specific rewards for booking through online distribution channels mentioned above. Supply Dynamics There are very few organizations in the hospitality sector which provide premium services such as Hilton. They have the tradition of delivering end- to- end global supply chain solution. As they are an organization which deal with procurement worldwide, their focus is more on development and execution of the policies and norms to cater to the needs and demands of the guests. The Hilton Supply Management is totally owned by the Hilton Group which provides services in the properties of independent owners, real estate investors and the management companies (Leung, Xue, Bai, 2015). They intend to be the superior provider of hospitality services in any area that they operate in. As similar to the high standard set by the Hilton hotels, the Hilton Supply Management has also set a remarkable standard for contributing to the international hospitality sector with an outstanding procurement solutions and an operational mentality arriving from the rich legacy in hospitality. The experts in the core of service industry set this hotel apart from the other general hotels. Opportunities and threats of hotel Opportunities Threats Their mission is to be the top international hospitality organization with respect to guests, team members and owners HILTON as per its name take care of hospitality, integrity, leadership, teamwork, ownership and now They have high potential in the upcoming markets Innovation in customer services and improved use of technology Growth of internet reservation methods having an impact on profitability Share of total shareholder returns is below average level Loss of foreign currency exchange Entry of competitors Stagnant growth Economic and political disturbance(Bilgihan Bujisic, 2015) E- Mail Marketing E-mail marketing is defined as the marketing that is conducted by an organization to promote its goods and services. However in broader perspectives it can be defined as the most effective tool for the management of Human Resource. E-Mail marketing segment comprises of websites, social media, blogs and many other different internet sources. Personal groups of customers can be targeted or even individuals can also be targeted. Through e mail marketing customers are offered special deals that attract them and increases their trust towards the organization. The most useful part of these e- Mail marketing is that it is the most cheapest and the cost effective form of marketing as because no promotion is needed to be done to carry on such marketing. E-Mail marketing turns out to be friendlier once it is integrated with social media. Such integration helps the management of the hotels to easily search for the potential customers and approach them personally (Bilgihan Bujisic, 2015). The m anagement of Hilton Hotels has implemented and integrated a proper e mail marketing plan to make sure that they constantly keep in touch with their loyal and reliable customers as well as approaching new customers with a varied range of offers. Conclusion The research has been effective to achieve all its objectives. The discussion of the different sources of e marketing initiatives in the following research has helped it to become compact in nature. After a thorough analysis of the following research the readers will be able to gain a clear understanding of the procedures followed by the large hotels to attract customers through the use of the latest e marketing techniques. Hilton hotel has effected different changes to make sure that the organization meets all the necessary standards to maintain the following and make sure that the use of online marketing helps them to have a degree of competitive advantage in the market. Bibliography Bilgihan, A., Bujisic, M. (2015). The effect of website features in online relationship marketing: A case of online hotel booking. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 222-232. Fadda, N., Srensen, J. F. (2017). The importance of destination attractiveness and entrepreneurial orientation in explaining firm performance in the Sardinian accommodation sector. . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Fraj, E., Matute, J., Melero, I. (2015). Environmental strategies and organizational competitiveness in the hotel industry: The role of learning and innovation as determinants of environmental success. . Tourism Management, 30-42. Gannon, J. M., Roper, A., Doherty, L. (2015). Strategic human resource management: Insights from the international hotel industry. . International Journal of Hospitality Management, 65- 75. Leung, X. Y., Xue, L., Bai, B. (2015). Internet marketing research in hospitality and tourism: a review and journal preferences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 1556- 1572. Ma, S., Gu, H., Wang, Y., Hampson, D. P. (2017). Opportunities and challenges of value co-creation: the role of customer involvement in hotel service development. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.

Statement of Nursing Philosophy Essay Example

Statement of Nursing Philosophy Essay The health and welfare of each individual is important. This is the primary necessity in the realization of the value of life as human need to be satisfied in their overall health to become productive and in turn realize their significance as part of the humanity. Addressing this idealism is not only a matter of ethical or religious view but also a mean of justifying the humanitarian aspect in each person. Thus, is important to reach out towards the needs of others towards the health needs for promoting their overall welfare. Under this idealism that the statement of nursing philosophy applies wherein individuals who engaged in this profession have the motive, desire, and dedication to promote the health and welfare of the society. Under this philosophy, the primary mission in this field is to provide high quality healthcare service under the jurisdiction of the tasks and responsibilities in the nursing field. Individuals under this profession must be willing to commit their effort and passion to serve the benefit of the people in promoting their health condition. Indeed, the philosophy under the application of the nursing field must be under the oath of servitude to the society for the promotion of their health benefits and welfare. We will write a custom essay sample on Statement of Nursing Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Statement of Nursing Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Statement of Nursing Philosophy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the application of this philosophy, it is also important for a professional in this field to have a clear grasp of the aspects and limitations of the nursing profession. As primarily defined, nursing commonly manifests through direct interaction with the patient regarding the application of his healthcare needs. As needed, nursing personnel must also be ready to give psychological support for the patient for his or her recuperation and development. Thus, nursing professionals must act as an additional life support system for their patient in tending their basic needs and assisting their in the recovery process. Indeed, nursing personnel must also be concern in providing moral support, encouragement and psychological strengthening for their patients in relation to their healthcare aspect. As part also of the nursing profession, individuals in this field must also realize their mission towards the improvement of the healthcare field aside from the practical application. Concern regarding the development of the practice through research and innovation is also important to development their field of health servitude for the needing people. Professionals in this field must be open to embrace changes toward the betterment and as the situation requires under the pursuit of promoting the welfare of the patient. Under this concept that flexibility must be accepted by the individuals in this field as part of their profession and their philosophy of prioritizing the needs and health of their patients. Another important element also in the philosophy statement of the nursing profession is the value of collaboration and cooperation within the individual in the field and their counterparts in the other professions. Under this rule that each nursing professional must be willing to take part in a collective action for the realization of their mission and purpose. Collaboration between professionals in various healthcare fields is common in this aspect as they all operate under a single motive. Because of this, nursing professionals must be able to cooperative function inside the collective healthcare aspect and provide their services as part of the group In the practice of the nursing profession, the personal views and characteristics of the individuals in the field is significant as they can influence the motive and nature of his or her actions. As previously stated, the nursing field is important and that individuals who wishes to take part in this service must fully realize that function for them to operate effectively. This is primarily the main motivation people have in joining the field of nursing practice. To serve the health and welfare of the needed individuals is an honorable work in applying this in the institutionalized practice of nursing profession is likewise noble. In this practice, one is able to transcend personal interest and be enlightened instead regarding the needs of others.   In return to this, the society offers a commensurable career for the individuals willing to be part of the nursing field. Added to this are the other social and institutionalized benefits given to people serving under this philosophy. I n general, the nursing profession manifests as a noble approach in attending to the healthcare needs of the society while in part manifesting as a commensurable career for its willing partakers. Because of the significance of the nursing field, it also has important qualifications given to the individuals willing to take the practice. The most basic in these requirements is the formal nursing education and training given by most institutions in the form of bachelor’s degree and the actual practicum. Completion of these basic requirements with passing evaluation and the attainment of the needed professional licenses allows the person the opportunity to practice the nursing field as both a formal profession and career. Further progress in this healthcare field requires higher training such as experience in actual practice and formal masteral education opens up the opportunity for the nursing professional for organizational promotion and higher nursing practice. These requirements are mainly established to equip the individual entering this field the needed education and professional training to make them competent and productive professional in the nursing field. In general, the nursing profession manifests to be both a science and an art of towards providing healthcare service to the society through improving their physical and psychological well-being. Under this general philosophy that individuals in this field must perform and function in the actual application of their profession of assisting patients in their recuperation and recovery, health adversities, providing support towards other healthcare field for their common objective, and developing the nursing aspect to enhance its effectivity and function for the benefit of the society. Thus, adhering to the statement of philosophy of the nursing profession will effectively provide the society high quality and dependable patient care for to promote their health and welfare as human beings.

Natural Selection and Darwin essays

Natural Selection and Darwin essays In Darwins time most scientists believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator., but theories began to develop by a number of historians stating that evolutionary changes were an effect to changes in nature. There were many reasons for this, such as geological studies were reveling that the earth was much older than stated in biblical creation. Another reason was the similarities between different organisms. When Darwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands he noticed slight variations that made tortoises from different islands distinct. He also observed from island to island the vast number of finches had slight differences. Darwin also noticed that they all seemed to resemble the main finch on the mainland of Equador. This observation had great influence of Darwins thinking and he began to formulate his Theory. Darwins theory of Evolution consists of four main parts. The first one was that organisms have changed over time and the ones living today are different form those of the past also many organisms have become extinct over time. The second part was that all organisms are derived by common ancestors by the branching process. Populations split into different species but they all have one common ancestor. This part of the theory provided an explanation as to why similar species tended to be in the same geographical area. The third part stated that change is gradual and slow, taking place over a long period of time. This explains the fact that no scientist has observed a sudden appearance of a new species. The fourth part of this is that the mechanism of evolutionary change was natural selection. Natural Selection is a process that occurs over successive generations. Darwins had a in depth reasoning for how it works. It starts with the statement that if all the offspring that organisms can produce were to survive and reproduce they would soon overrun the earth. To pre...

How is toy selection associated with gender-roles and acceptance in Essay

How is toy selection associated with gender-roles and acceptance in the play ground with 5yr old children - Essay Example This paper intends to get preliminary research on the way at which children below the age of five years behave while at the play ground. It will analyze the findings of how they will react or interact with each other as a result of possessing a specific kind of toy. It will also from an analytical point of view look at the relationship between the choice of a toy by a target participant and their perceived roles while playing with each other in the play ground. The main aim of this study is to understand the relationship between children’s toy selection and gender-roles and also acceptance as observed in the play grounds. The findings are replicated to conform to what other researchers in the past have linked the three issues above. Specifically, I shall become a participant/observant in the whole process and take part in noting the behaviors of the children with reference to the toys they own. A co-nomination type of monitoring is applied while singling out every child in terms of the various types of toys owned by the children. By summarizing how many social interactions and the rate of acceptance of each child to their peers There is an already built up assumption that children tend to associate more with specific toys and may become afflicted with specific types of the toys. The roles of these children become more pronounced by the way they particularly take care of these toys. It is believed that children begin to adopt responsible behaviors right at the beginning of this tender age. In addition, there is an assumption that more children tend to acquire and strengthen their roles in the society by exercising them through their toys. This hypothesis is strong and can guide people including parents to build on that basis. Female and male children while at this stage are not sensitive of their roles within their peers but there is some sense of responsiveness to some kind of actions by the

Resonse to comment W4CT and CE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Resonse to comment W4CT and CE - Essay Example The payback period gives the manager the amount of year it takes to break even. The payback method allows managers to assess a capital project quickly and make operating decisions based on the results. If the payback period is longer than what the company can afford then the project must be rejected. The reason a manager should accept a project with above an above cero NPV is because the metric ensures that the firm will generate money taking into considerations the time value of money. As you mentioned in your response the use of the NPV method lowers the risk of managers of accepting projects that could be unprofitable. The great thing about using the NPV method to evaluate projects is that this method provides results that are unbiased due to the fact that the NPV mathematical methodology is flawless. If the NPV results states that a project has a negative NPV results this is undeniable prove that the project will not bring a company any benefits. If a manager does not use any pro ven capital budgeting techniques such as NPV the manager is being irresponsible and his work as a manager can be considered irresponsible and incompetent. DQ2 Managers must use financial capital budget techniques to evaluate whether to accept or reject a project.

Introduction to E-learning: Types, Benefits and Strategies

Introduction to E-learning: Types, Benefits and Strategies Chapter 2. Background and Related Work Introduction During the last decade the amount of literature published in the field of eLearning has grown noticeably, as has the diversity in attitudes and viewpoints of people who work on this subject. The general background presented here with regard to eLearning includes the definition, details of different types and the concept of quality. Information quality within information systems (IS), web mining and information extracting techniques are the main areas on which supporting literature is primarily focused. However, an in-depth explanation of each branch of these research fields is outside the scope of this literature review. The literature presented here is particularly focused on the subtopics of these large research areas which are directly applicable to this research. The structure of this chapter is divided into three main parts: a general view of eLearning including definitions of eLearning, an overview of eLearning types and the concept of quality in eLearning; information quality (IQ) within ISs; and information extraction methods. Each section includes a number of subsections which address the factors that are relevant to this research. ELearning In this part of the literature review, we focus on eLearning by providing a discussion about the definitions of eLearning, eLearning types and the concept of quality in eLearning. Moreover, in this section we lay the foundation for the general concept of quality in eLearning upon which the research will be based. This section also presents a discussion about the relationships between technology, users and content in an eLearning context. ELearning Definition The term eLearning is used in the literature and in business to describe many fields, such as online learning, web-based training, distance learning, distributed learning, virtual learning, or technology-based training. During recent decades, eLearning has been defined in several instances in different ways. In any publication in the field of eLearning, it is important to ensure that the authors understanding exactly matches that of the majority of the readers, therefore, the specific definition used should be stated first. Moreover, to reach a clearer understanding of what eLearning is, in this part of the thesis we present numerous definitions of eLearning as mentioned in the literature. In general, most of the definitions of the term eLearning are used to express the exploitation of technologies which can be used to deliver learning (or learning materials) in an electronic format, most likely via the World Wide Web (WWW). Psaromiligkos and Retalis consider eLearning to be the systems which utilise the WWW as a delivery medium for static learning resources, such as instructional files, or as an interface onto interactive The previous definitions look at eLearning in general; in more detail, eLearning can be in the form of courses or in the form of modules and smaller learning materials it also could take various forms. Romiszowski takes these details into account and summarises the definitions encountered in the literature in a way that emphasises that eLearning can be a solitary, individual activity, or a collaborative group activity. It also suggests that both synchronous and asynchronous interactive forms can be engaged. Naidu also takes into consideration the differences in the forms of interaction when trying to formulate a general definition of eLearning: educational processes that utilize information and communications technology to mediate asynchronous as well as synchronous learning and teaching activities. The position adopted in this research is that eLearning entails the technology used to distribute the learning materials, the quality of these materials, and the interaction with learners. The definition of eLearning used in this research addresses these dimensions in terms of: the use of new multimedia technologies and the Internet to improve the quality of learning by facilitating access to resources and services as well as remote exchange and collaborations ELearning Types As mention earlier, eLearning takes many different forms and includes numerous types of systems. In the extant literature eLearning types are defined following two main axes: the user context (individuals, groups or a community of users) and users engagement and interactivity. Romiszowski takes these details into account and summarises the definitions encountered in the following table, which emphasises that eLearning can be a solitary, individual activity, or a collaborative group activity. It also suggests that both synchronous and asynchronous interactive forms can be engaged. Looking more deeply at the division of the forms of interactivity used in eLearning systems, there are two main types of eLearning: asynchronous and synchronous, depending on learning and teaching activities. Synchronous eLearning environments require tutors and learners, or the online classmates, to be online at the same time, where live interactions take place between them. In this context, Doherty describes an Asynchronous Learning Network (ALN) as a variety of eLearning systems which distribute learning materials and concepts in one direction at a time. Moreover, Spencer and Hiltz express ALN as a place where learners can interact with learning materials, tutors and other learners, through the WWW at different times and from different places. The focus of this research will be on a case where students log-in to and use the system independently of other students and staff members, as well as using asynchronous methods regarding learning content, quality management and delivery which fit firmly into the general definition of the asynchronous eLearning environment. Quality Concept in ELearning The definition of eLearning adopted in this thesis represents three fundamental dimensions: technology, access and quality. The focus in this research will be on quality, which is considered a crucial issue for education in general, and for eLearning in particular. This section of the literature review will discuss concepts of quality in eLearning generally, and highlight the importance of content as the most critical factor for the overall quality. Currently, there are two recognised challenges in eLearning: the demand for overall interoperability and the request for (high) quality. However, quality cannot be expressed and set by a simple definition, since in itself quality is a very abstract notion. In fact, it is much easier to notice the absence of quality than its presence. Despite efforts to reach a comprehensive, universal definition of quality in eLearning, there is still a fundamental ambiguity surrounding the issue. One position is to consider quality as an evaluation of excellence, a stance which is primarily adopted by universities and education institutions. For example, in universities quality teaching and learning are promoted as the top priority, giving less attention to criteria or measurements regarding teaching input into courses, the learning outcomes, and the interactivity with the system. Another trend is to consider the improvement in quality, where quality is improved by moving beyond the set conceptions applied, and generally moving in the direction of a flexible process of negotiation, which needs a very high level of quality capability from those involved. Furthermore, quality can be viewed and considered from different aspects. Here, the SunTrust Equitable report illustrates what they perceive to be the value chain in eLearning in the form of a pyramid. The content is the most critical factor of eLearning. Indeed, to be able to use the internet as a tool to improve learning, the content should not distract learners, but increase their interest for learning. Learning tools and enablers are also important in the learning procedure. In reality, providers of learning platforms and knowledge management systems are key in the successful delivery of content. These companies provide the necessary infrastructure to deliver learning content. Moreover, learning service providers (LSP) are the distribution channels for content providers. One of the challenges facing these knowledge hubs and LSPs is to ensure that the learners are receiving fresh content. Companies focused on educational e-tailing then complete the value pyramid of eLearning. Looking at the pyramid it can be clearly observed that content is the most critical component of learning through the internet. In a similar manner, Henry stated that eLearning is composed of three main aspects: content, technology and services, he also emphasised that content is the most significant factor. Although this thesis will focus on the quality of content delivered by eLearning as the most important criteria and the most influential in the overall level of learning quality, the specified context and the perspectives of users also need to be taken into account when defining quality in eLearning. It is also essential to classify suitable criteria to address this quality. ELearning Technology, Users and Content Although most eLearning explanations focus on the technology and not on the learning, it is important to keep the people eLearning is designed for in mind. Moreover, individual learning styles and required learning materials should be addressed first. Then a suitable electronic delivery method can be adopted. On their website (agelesslearner.com), Karl and Marcia Conner commented, in this regard, that Maybe the e should actually follow the word learning'. Henry describes the content in a way that includes all delivered materials, including the materials which are usually offered in classroom-based learning and that are tailored for eLearning, in addition to any other knowledge the developer might offer. In fact, eLearning systems are considered to be user-adaptive systems, where systems are designed to react with user performance and choices. Webber, Pesty and Balacheff express user modelling as a central issue in the development of user-adaptive systems, whose behaviour is usually based on the users preferences, goals, interests and knowledge. Moreover, they declare that a system can be considered user-adaptive when changes in its functionality, structure or interface can be monitored, in order to consider the different needs of users and, ultimately, their changing needs. In the area of eLearning Heift and Nicholson believe that eLearning systems as adaptive systems are designed to meet the diverse requirements of students who have different levels of knowledge and backgrounds [19]. There is a significant base of literature and research in the area of adaptive systems, which usually base their behaviour on user models. In more detail, Kobsa explained that the user model often depends on one user or a group of users sharing the same profile and it characterises users preferences, goals, interests and knowledge. Webber, Pesty and Balacheff notice that with regard to this point there are two main problems relating to user modelling: to identify the relevant information to be modelled and to decide which method is more suitable to apply in order to determine the relevant information about the user. In fact, personalisation plays an important role in all areas of the e-era, especially in eLearning, as stated by Esposito, Licchelli and Semeraro, where the main issue is student modelling. This is the analysis of student behaviour and the prediction of future activities and learning performance . Furthermore, Ong and Ramachandran perceive that the literature on adaptive systems shows that by modelling the learner, the human tutor and the knowledge domain of instructional content, powerful pedagogical outcomes can be obtained. Although eLearning systems are considered types of adaptive systems, the difference between the concept of the user and the concept of the student creates a fundamental problem in the eLearning area. In this context, Esposito, Licchelli and Semeraro believe that in a general web system the user is free to surf and the system attempts to predict future user steps using the user model in order to improve the interaction between the user and the system, while in the eLearning system the modelling has to improve the educational route, adapting it to the model of the student. As a result it is essential to control and to assess student browsing. The systems should not give the students absolute freedom to decide their way through the content and learning materials, rather, the system should provide a specific educational path and offer a continuous evaluation activity of student performance, towards a defined pedagogical goal. Although delivering web-based educational materials can be very useful as the same content is distributed to a number of students and can be accessed regardless of time and place, this delivery would not be beneficial from a pedagogical point of view if the students, their level of knowledge and their learning style was not known. In fact, Sanatally and Senteni observe that the widely held principle of using the web simply as a form of distributed medium for learning materials does not add significant value to the learning process. This argument leads to the conviction of the importance of developing adaptive eLearning systems. Even if adaptive systems are focused on the interaction with users and changing the course and the content dynamically with their needs, and not on controlling the set sequence of a course, eLearning can exploit adaptive technologies to build learning environments that form user-specific sequencing. Tang and McCalla use the example of the Paper Recommender Sys tem as a good example of this exploitation: the system was designed to give recommendations to students about what conference or journal papers to read, based on their level of understanding and knowledge. We can see more clearly, as suggested by Conati and VanLehn, that the aim of adaptive systems is to build precise, interactively changing models of individual student learning, in order to use them as representations of how learners are progressing within the content of the course. Moreover, Papanikolaou et al. describe adaptivity as being system-controlled and in most cases assists in: planning the content, planning the delivery and presentation of the learning materials, supporting student navigation throughout the field of knowledge and problem solving. From this, it can be deduced that learner models generally characterise learner knowledge levels on the concepts of domain knowledge, pedagogical goals and learning preferences towards diverse styles of learning materials. In this context, they suggest that the domain model should be used in parallel with the learner model to provide a structure for the representation of learner knowledge of the defined domain. Using this procedure , tailored learning materials can be distributed to specific learners to be consistent with their requirements. This corresponds with the vision of Mittal et al., who realised that by creating several broad groups into which it is possible to segment target learners, it can be ensured that the content of learning materials for an absolute beginner student is not the same for that of a student getting ready for an exam. Nowadays, most student modelling systems follow the same method, in which the systems starting point is to create a reference template for a student, thus, the expertise or intelligence encoded into the system can adapt the course organisation and content to the individual student. The use of this method to decide the style and level of content that a student should be offered, according to how students interact with the system, will lead to a more personalised learning experience. In the case of this research, the student and domain model did not entail the complexity of those built in adaptive systems; however, several of the underlying principles of available student and domain modelling techniques proved to be useful. The key issue in most adaptive systems that feature student and domain modelling is a sequence of complex data repositories that give highly precise values about student performance and completion against learning materials. The focus in this research will be on measuring the quality of the content of learning materials distributed via eLearning systems, and establishing how the student will interact with the materials, how they will be able to extract the relevant information from the content and how the context of the online materials will help students to recognise the underlying structure of the content and easily access the parts in which they are interested. This research will gather empirical evidence using online questionnaires, which can be used to directly ask students about their preferences and perspectives. Summary This part of the literature review provided a general overview of eLearning, including definitions of eLearning, a note of eLearning types and consideration of the concept of quality in eLearning. It also identified the definition adopted for eLearning in this study and considered the type upon which this research will focus. Moreover, in this section we laid the foundation for the general concept of quality in eLearning upon which the research will be based. Finally, it presented a brief discussion about the relationships between technology, users and content in an eLearning context. The next part of this chapter will discuss the concept of IQ within ISs; this will be used later on to set standards for IQ in the context of eLearning systems. Information Quality in Information Systems In this part of the literature review we will start with a brief discussion of the terms data quality and information quality, and will shed some light on the concept of IQ within ISs and how it could be defined. We will also provide a comprehensive review of the major historical developments of IQ frameworks. Data Quality(DQ) vs. Information Quality During recent years, much work has been done to build quality frameworks for IQ dimensions. In the past, research focused on DQ, but due to the recent development of internet technologies, ISs today are providing users with information, not only data. Therefore, research attention has shifted to focus on IQ frameworks. While, some researchers explicitly distinguish between the terms data and information and explain information as data which has been processed in some way, sometimes, it may be difficult to discriminate between them in practice . Still, in some studies the term information is interchangeable with data. Likewise, the term data quality is often used synonymously with information quality. Consequently, in this study, the concept of information will be used in a broad sense, which covers the concept of data. Before reviewing the researches that were conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs, first we will discuss the meaning of IQ and how it could be defined. How Information Quality Could be Defined Although it is important to set standards for IQ, it is a difficult and complex issue, particularly in the area of ISs, because there is no formal definition of IQ, as quality is dependent on the criteria applied to it. Furthermore, it is dependent on the targets, the environment and from which viewpoint we look at the IQ, that is, from the provider or the consumer perspective. Moreover, IQ is both a task-dependent and a subjective concept. Juran summarises these aspects of quality in his quality definition as fitness for use. Similarly, Wang described DQ (which could apply to IQ) as data that is fit-for-use. This description has been adopted by researchers because it brings to light the fact that IQ cannot be defined and evaluated without knowing its context. Defining IQ in a contextual approach seems to be logical because quality criteria, which could be used to assess IQ, can differ according to the context. In fact, IQ is expressed in the literature to be a multi-dimensional concept with varying attributed characteristics depending on the context of the information. However, taking into account the complexity of the IQ concept and that its measurement is expected to be multi-dimensional in nature, the prime issue in defining the quality of any IS is identifying the criteria by which the quality is determined. The criteria result from the multi-dimensional and interdependent nature of quality in ISs, and are dependent on the objectives and the context of the system. Thus, it is common to define IQ on the internet by identifying the main dimensions of the quality, for that purpose IQ fr ameworks are widely used to identify the important quality dimensions in a specific context, these dimensions can be used as benchmark to improve the effectiveness of information systems, as described by Porter. Information Quality Frameworks Today, for any IS to be judged successfully it has first to satisfy additional predefined quality criteria. An eLearning system is a special type of IS so it is important to examine the literature relating to the traditional IS success models and the proposed quality frameworks, in order to test the possibility of extending these success models to identify eLearning content quality criteria in an eLearning context. Much of the work done in IS success has its origins in the well-known DeLone and McLean (DM) IS Success Model.This model provided a comprehensive taxonomy on IS success based on the analysis of more than 180 studies on IS success and it identified over 100 IS success measures during the analysis. It established that system quality, IQ, use, user satisfaction, individual and organisational impact were the most distinct elements of the IS success equation. In a later work, the authors confirmed the original taxonomy and their conclusion, namely that IS success was a multidimensional and interdependent construct. Their model makes two important contributions to the understanding of IS success. First, it provides a scheme for categorising the multitude of IS success measures that have been used in the literature. Second, it suggests a model of temporal and causal interdependencies between the categories. The updated model, which was proposed in 2003, consists of six dimensions: Information quality, which concerns the system content issue. Web content should be personalised, complete, relevant, easy to understand and secure. System quality, which measures the desired characteristics of a web based system such as usability, availability, reliability and adaptability. Service quality Usage, which measures visits to a website, navigation within the site and information retrieval. User satisfaction, which measures users opinions of the system and should cover the entire user experience cycle. Net benefits, which capture the balance of positive and negative impacts of the system on the users. Although this success measure is very important, it cannot be analysed and understood without system quality and IQ measurements. In their model, DeLone and McLean defined three main dimensions for the quality: IQ, systems quality and service quality. Each one has to be measured separately, because singularly or jointly, they will affect subsequent system usage and user satisfaction. In 1996, Wang and Strong proposed their DQ framework, which will be discussed in more detail in the following section. In their framework they categorised characteristics/attributes in to four main types/factors: intrinsic, accessibility, contextual and representational. This method of categorising IQ factors and attributes proved to be a valuable methodology for defining IQ. Lately, several quality management projects in business and government have successfully used this framework. After Wang Strong DQ framework, diverse research efforts were spent in order to identify IQ dimensions in deference contexts. Although these frameworks varied in their approach and application, they shared some of the same characteristics concerning their classifications of the dimensions of quality. In 1996, Gertz focused on finding possible solutions for the problems regarding modeling and managing data quality and integrity of integrated data. H proposed a taxonomy of data quality characteristics that includes important attributes such as timeliness and completeness of local information sources. While Redmans work aimed to set up practical guidelines to analyze and improve information quality within business processes, h proposed a number of quality attributes grouped into six categories: Privacy, Content, Quality of Values, Presentation, Improvement and Commitment. In the same year, Zeist Hendricks identified 32 IQ sub-characteristics grouped in 6 main IQ characteristics which covered functionality, reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability and portability. Unlike general purpose IQ framework, in 1997 Jarke proposed a special purpose framework where he used the same hierarchical design established by Wang Strong. He defined IQ criteria depending on the context and requirements for specific application; Data Warehouse Quality (DWQ). In his framework, Jarke linked each operational quality goals for data warehouses to the criteria which describe this goal. The main defined criteria are accessibility, interpretability, usefulness, believability, and validation. In 1998, Chen gave a list of IQ criteria with no special taxonomy. He, however, proposed a goal-oriented framework focusing mainly on time-oriented criteria such as response time and network delay. One year later, Alexander Tate proposed their framework for IQ IN Web environment. This framework consisted of 6 main criteria; authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, orientation and navigation. In the same year, Katerattanakul Siau adapted Wang Strong DQ framework to propose their four categories IQ framework of individual websites. Furthermore, Shanks Corbitt recommended a semiotic-based quality framework for information on the Web. This framework includes four semiotic levels. Syntactic level to insure that information is consistent whiles the Semantic level focuses on the information completion and accuracy. Pragmatic level is the third level which covers the usability and the usefulness of the information. The forth level is the social level ensures information understandabil ity. Within their framework there are 11 quality dimension distributed within the identified levels. Dedeke in 2000 developed a conceptual IS quality framework that includes 5 categories; ergonomic, accessible, transactional, contextual and representational quality. Each category consists of number of quality dimensions such as; availability, relevancy and conciseness. Whilst Zhu Gauch described 6 quality metrics for information retrieval on the web; these are availability, authority, currency, information-to-noise ratio and cohesiveness. Leung adapted Zeist Hendrickss quality framework in 2001 and applied it to Intranet applications. He defined 6 main IQ characteristics; functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability and portability. Each quality characteristic in the proposed framework includes numbers of sub-characteristics. Several research in IS quality were undertaken in 2002, Eppler Muenzenmayer suggested two main manifestations for their proposed framework; content quality and media quality. The content quality is focused on the quality of the presented information and it consists of two categories; relevant information and sound information. Whereas media quality is focused on the quality of the medium used to deliver the information and it includes optimized process category and reliable infrastructure category. Each category in the framework contains number of quality dimensions. Khan categorised IQ depending on the context of the system. The framework divided IQ into two main quality types; product and service quality. Moreover, it divided these two types into 4 quality classifications and each classification into number of quality dimensions. The quality classifications are sound information, useful information, dependable information and usable information. In addition, Klein conducted a research in the same year to identify five IQ dimensions chosen Wang Strongs DQ framework to measure IQ in Web context; accuracy, completeness, relevance, timeliness and amount of data. Mecella also proposed an initial framework for quality management in Cooperative Information System (CIS). This framework includes a model for quality data exported by cooperating organizations and the design of an infrastructure service and improving quality. More recent, in 2005 Liu Huang mentioned 6 key dimensions for IQ; source (focused on information availability), content (focused on information completeness), format and presentation (focused on information consistency), currency (focused on information currency and timeliness), accuracy (focused on information accuracy and reliability) and speed (focused on how easily information is downloadable). Besiki et all introduced in 2007 a general framework for IQ assessment. This framework consists of a comprehensive taxonomy of IQ dimensions, and provides a straightforward and powerful predictive method to study IQ problems and reason through them in a systematic and meaningful way. Lately, Kimberly et all presented in 2009 a model for how to think about IQ depending on the application context; they identified number of common IQ metrics. Kargar Azimzadeh also presented an original experimental framework for ranking IQ on the Web log. The results of their research revealed 7 IQ dimensions for IQ in Web log. For each quality dimension, quality variables associated coefficients were calculated and used so that the proposed framework is able to automatically assess IQ of Web logs. In the same year Thi Helfert conducted a research aimed to propose a quality framework based on IS architecture. In their research they identified quality factors for different construct levels of IS architecture. Moreover, they also presented impacts amongst different quality factors which help to analyze the cause of IS defects. In this part we gave a brief review of the researches conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs. However in the next section we will focus on Wang and Strongs DQ framework as we will use it as a base for this research to measure IQ in eLearning systems along the dimensions of the framework. Wang and Strongs Data Quality Framework Wang Strongs DQ framework, one of the most comprehensive, popular, remarkable and cited DQ frameworks, was established by Richard Wang and Diana Strong in 1996. Their framework was designed empirically by asking users to give their viewpoints about the relevance of the IQ dimensions to capture the most important aspects of DQ to the data consumer. In their framework, Wang and Strong classified quality dimensions into four groups: Intrinsic DQ: refers to the quality dimensions originating from the data on its own. This aspect of quality is independent of the users perspective and context. Contextual DQ: focuses on the aspect of IQ within the context of the task at hand. In this group, the quality dimensions are subjective preferences of the user. Contrary to the first group, DQ dimensions cannot be assessed without considering the users viewpoint about their use of provided information. Representational DQ: is related to the representation of information within the systems. Accessibility DQ: refers